Other adrenal lesions observed in a post-mortem examination of cows include nodular hyperplasia, medullary cysts, haemorrhage, inflammation, amyloid and neoplasia, which can be primary (e.g., adenoma, adenocarcinoma and pheochromocytoma) or secondary (mainly lymphoma and hemangiosarcoma), and both functional and non-functional. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding reference preliminary values. Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein–Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary). Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date.
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